Long‐Term Growth Outcomes of Children With Type 1 Diabetes According to Glycemic Control and Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors' conclusion
Glycemic control and CGM use positively affected linear growth in children with T1DM, especially in males. CGM use was associated with improved growth outcomes, which suggests that glucose monitoring may help mitigate the adverse effects of poor glycemic control on growth.
Study context
- Population
- Children with T1D (October 2005–May 2022), follow-up ≥1 year; 45.3% male, mean age at diagnosis 7.8 ± 3.6 years; other chronic diseases excluded
- Participants
- 150 children
- Exposure
- Poorly-controlled vs well-controlled; Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) vs non-CGM
- Outcome
- Height SDS (H-SDS) and growth velocity
- Follow-up
- 5 years after diagnosis
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Slope of H-SDS over time (β), males · 5-year follow-up
| Group | Value | SE |
|---|---|---|
| Poorly-controlled | β −0.081 (95% CI −0.112–-0.050) | 0.016 |
| Well-controlled | β −0.007 (95% CI −0.047–-0.033) | 0.020 |
| CGM | β −0.012 (95% CI −0.057–-0.034) | 0.023 |
| Non-CGM | β −0.072 (95% CI −0.101–-0.042) | 0.015 |
Value
Poorly-controlledβ −0.081 (95% CI −0.112–-0.050)
Well-controlledβ −0.007 (95% CI −0.047–-0.033)
CGMβ −0.012 (95% CI −0.057–-0.034)
Non-CGMβ −0.072 (95% CI −0.101–-0.042)
SE
Poorly-controlled0.016
Well-controlled0.020
CGM0.023
Non-CGM0.015
- Poorly-controlled vs Well-controlled: P < 0.01 — decline in height standard deviation score (H-SDS) more pronounced with poorly-controlled
- CGM vs Non-CGM: P = 0.03 — decrease in H-SDS significantly less with CGM (males)
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
H-SDS at diagnosis
- Mean H-SDS
- 0.38 ± 1.11
H-SDS slope over time in males
- β
- −0.054 (SE 0.013; 95% CI −0.079 to −0.029; p < 0.01)
Multivariable linear mixed model: factors associated with greater improvement in H-SDS over 5 years
- Younger age at diagnosis, β
- −0.009 (95% CI −0.017 to −0.002; p = 0.02)
- Female, β
- 0.067 (95% CI 0.033 to 0.100; p < 0.01)
- Lower HbA1c, β
- −0.026 (95% CI −0.038 to −0.015; p < 0.01)
Original publication
Long‐Term Growth Outcomes of Children With Type 1 Diabetes According to Glycemic Control and Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Pediatr Diabetes. Published 2 March 2026. doi:10.
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