Increased Morbidity in Males Diagnosed With Gynecomastia: A Nationwide Register-based Cohort Study
Authors' conclusion
The presence of idiopathic gynecomastia is an important first clinical symptom of an underlying disease and a significant predictor of future disease risk. These findings should stimulate more awareness among health care providers to increase identification of gynecomastia and its causes in males.
Study context
- Population
- Males diagnosed with incident gynecomastia and matched males from the background population1:5 age-/calendar-matched cohort
- Participants
- 23,429 / 16,253 / 117,145
- Exposure
- Males with gynecomastia vs matched males without gynecomastia
- Gynecomastian = 23,429
- Idiopathic gynecomastian = 16,253
- Without gynecomastian = 117,145reference
- Outcome
- Disease risk by ICD-10 sections following and before gynecomastia diagnosis
Methodological detailsnationwide, age- and calendar-matched (1:5)
- Nationwide
- Age- and calendar-matched (1:5)
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Higher risk of future disease across all included disease chapters (HR range)
HR, 1.19-1.89
Endocrine diseases, greatest disease risk
HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.76-2.03
Highest subchapter risk: disorders of the endocrine glands
OR, 7.27; 95% CI, 6.19-8.54
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Comorbidities before gynecomastia diagnosis (ICD-10 sections)
- ORs of comorbidities higher across all included disease sections (OR range)
- OR, 1.05-1.51
- Except psychiatric disease
- OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.68-0.78
- Musculoskeletal/connective tissue diseases, highest association
- OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.46-1.57
- Circulatory diseases
- OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.29-1.43
Original publication
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