Glycemic Variability Bridges Time in Range and Time in Tight Range: A Unified Equation for Both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Based on Large‐Scale Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data
Authors' conclusion
This study established the exponential model for TIR-TITR relationship in individuals with T1D and T2D, using a real-world CGM dataset. The model may provide new insights into the setting of individualized treatment goals.
Study context
- Population
- Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) users with T1D or T2D; demographic and clinical details self-reported via in-app fields
- Participants
- over 200,000 users
- Exposure
- T1D vs T2D
- Outcome
- Regression model of the relationship between TIR and time in tight range (TITR)
Methodological detailsreal-world CGM data, exponential regression modelling, Model performance evaluated by R2, root mean square error (RMSE) and Akaike information criterion (AIC)
- Real-world CGM data
- Exponential regression modelling
- Model performance evaluated by R2, root mean square error (RMSE) and Akaike information criterion (AIC)
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
TIR–TITR relationship
- Exponential model, T1D (best fit vs linear and quadratic models)
- TITRT1D = 8.54436 × exp[0.02414 × time in range (TIR)]
- Exponential model, T2D (best fit vs linear and quadratic models)
- TITRT2D = 5.52189 × exp[0.02839 × TIR]
- Time in tight range (TITR) corresponding to TIR of 70%
- 40.3%-46.3%
- TIR required for TITR of 50%
- 73.2%-77.6%
- Each 5% TIR increment with TIR below 60% boosted TITR by
- less than 5% points
- Each 5% TIR increment with TIR above 60% boosted TITR by
- more than 5% points
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
Model including coefficient of variation (CV)
- Unified model with CV
- TITR = 2.18448 × exp[0.03749 × TIR] +0.94018 × CV-14.99420
- Inclusion of CV associated with reduced differences between fitted T1D and T2D curves and improved model performance
Original publication
Glycemic Variability Bridges Time in Range and Time in Tight Range: A Unified Equation for Both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Based on Large‐Scale Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data. Diabetes Obes Metab. Published 27 March 2026. doi:10.
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