Gestational diabetes & diabetes in pregnancy
Gestational diabetes mellitus recurrence rate and risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Study context
- Population
- Women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with a subsequent pregnancy
- Participants
- 30,524 women30 studies
- Outcome
- GDM recurrence rate
Methodological detailsnine electronic databases searched
- Nine electronic databases searched
Pooled result
As reported in the abstract
Pooled GDM recurrence rate
Women with recurrence
13,610
Pooled recurrence rate
50.7 %
95% CI 46.6–55.2
Heterogeneity I2 (P < 0.001; range 30.87-73.75 %), mainly from diagnostic criteria differences
97.7 %
Further pooled results
Risk factors for GDM recurrence (10 significant)
- Advanced maternal age (subsequent pregnancy ≥ 35 years), OR
- 3.408 (95% CI 2.591-4.482)
- BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² in index pregnancy, OR
- 3.248 (95% CI 1.838-5.742)
- BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² in subsequent pregnancy, OR
- 2.273 (95% CI 1.463-3.530)
- Prior macrosomia, OR
- 2.064 (95% CI 1.820-2.341)
- Index-pregnancy insulin therapy, OR
- 2.353 (95% CI 1.351-4.098)
- Early subsequent-pregnancy hyperglycemia, OR
- 2.665 (95% CI 2.022-3.513)
- Hypertriglyceridemia, OR
- 2.022 (95% CI 1.548-2.641)
- Advanced maternal age and prepregnancy obesity were top predictors
Original publication
Gestational diabetes mellitus recurrence rate and risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. Published 21 October 2025. doi:10.
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