Effects of Macronutrient Intake and Number of Meals on Glycemic Outcomes Over 1 Year in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes
Authors' conclusion
Both fat and protein impact glycemic outcomes.
Study context
- Population
- Youth aged 8–17 years with T1D; mean age 12.8 ± 2.5 years, 48% male, diabetes duration 5.9 ± 3.1 years, 73% on insulin pumps
- Participants
- 136 participants
- Primary endpoint
- Effects of macronutrient intake and number of daily meals/snacks on glycemic outcomes (A1c, %TIR, %TBR, %TAR, CV)
- Follow-up
- Over 1 year
Methodological detailslongitudinal mixed models, 3-day food records, 3-day masked CGM
- Longitudinal mixed models
- 3-day food records
- 3-day masked CGM
Primary result
As reported in the abstract
- Greater carbohydrate intake: lower A1c
- P = 0.0003
- Greater carbohydrate intake: more %TBR
- P = 0.0006
- Greater carbohydrate intake: less %TAR
- P = 0.002
- Greater carbohydrate intake: higher coefficient of variation (CV)
- P = 0.03
- Greater fat intake: higher A1c
- P = 0.006
- Greater fat intake: less %TBR
- P = 0.002
- Greater fat intake: more %TAR
- P = 0.005
- Greater protein intake: higher A1c
- P = 0.01
- More daily meals/snacks: lower A1c
- P = 0.001
- More daily meals/snacks: higher %TIR
- P = 0.0006
- More daily meals/snacks: less %TAR
- P = 0.0001
Further findings
Baseline glycemia and diet
- A1c
- 8.1% ± 1.0%
- %TIR 70-180 mg/dL
- 49% ± 17%
- %TBR <70 mg/dL
- 6% ± 8%
- %TAR >180 mg/dL
- 44% ± 20%
- CV
- 41% ± 8%
- Carbohydrate intake
- 48% ± 5%
- Fat intake
- 36% ± 5%
- Protein intake
- 16% ± 2%
- Youth reporting 3-4 meals/snacks daily (range 1-9)
- 56%
Original publication
Effects of Macronutrient Intake and Number of Meals on Glycemic Outcomes Over 1 Year in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. Published 13 February 2024. doi:10.
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