Chronic Glycaemic Control Modulates the Relationship Between GIP and Glucagon Secretion Following Oral and Enteral Nutrients in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors' conclusion
These observations indicate a glycaemia-dependent shift in endogenous GIP action in T2D, characterised by attenuation of insulinotropic effects and relative amplification of glucagonotropic effects with deteriorating glycaemic control.
Study context
- Population
- Individuals with T2D and healthy individuals from three clinical studiesthree clinical studies
- Participants
- 79 / 15 / 10 / 10
- Comparison
- Relationship between postprandial GIP and glucagon (and insulin) responses across HbA1c strata and in T2D vs health
- Mixed meal (T2D)n = 79
- Intraduodenal fat (T2D)n = 15
- Intraduodenal glucose (healthy)n = 10
- Intraduodenal glucose (T2D)n = 10
- Primary endpoint
- Relationship between postprandial GIP and glucagon responses
Methodological detailsmixed-meal testing, intraduodenal fat infusion, intraduodenal glucose infusion, stratification by HbA1c
- Mixed-meal testing
- Intraduodenal fat infusion
- Intraduodenal glucose infusion
- Stratification by HbA1c
Primary result
As reported in the abstract
Relationship between postprandial GIP and glucagon
- Mixed meal: early postprandial (0-30 min) glucagon correlated positively with GIP, more strongly with higher HbA1c
- Intraduodenal fat: glucagon and GIP responses correlated strongly in T2D
- Intraduodenal glucose: early glucagon and GIP increments (0-15 min) closely related in T2D, not in healthy individuals
Further findings
Insulinogenic index vs GIP after mixed meal, by HbA1c
- Insulinogenic index correlated with GIP only in HbA1c < 6.5% and 6.5%-7.0% subgroups
Original publication
Chronic Glycaemic Control Modulates the Relationship Between GIP and Glucagon Secretion Following Oral and Enteral Nutrients in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. Published 7 April 2026. doi:10.
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