Causality or confounding? Applying E values to examine associations between ultra-processed food consumption and risk of weight gain
Authors' conclusion
Unaccounted for confounding could plausibly explain the prospective association between UPF consumption and weight gain in adults. High quality observational research controlling for potential confounders and evidence from study types devoid of confounding are now needed.
Study context
- Population
- Adults in prospective studies on ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and weight gain
- Comparison
- Higher vs lower UPF consumption
- Outcome
- Weight gain
Methodological detailsE value approach
- E value approach
Pooled result
As reported in the abstract
Higher UPF consumption associated with increased weight gain in meta-analysis (RR)
1.14
E value; unaccounted confounders with small-to-moderate associations with UPF consumption and weight gain could hypothetically account for observed associations
1.55
Original publication
Causality or confounding? Applying E values to examine associations between ultra-processed food consumption and risk of weight gain. Int J Obes (Lond). Published 15 June 2024. doi:10.
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