Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Risk in Children
Authors' conclusion
This repeated cross-sectional study provides a picture of the evolution of CMRFs in children over the last 30 years, showing that, in Spain, despite the concerning prevalences of excess weight, lipid parameters and blood pressure have improved over the studied period.
Study context
- Population
- Children aged 8 to 11 years (fourth to fifth grade), public primary schools, Cuenca province, Spain; 1992–2022
- Participants
- 4,280 children7 cohorts
- Exposure
- 1992 vs 1996 vs 1998 vs 2004 vs 2010 vs 2018 vs 2022
- Outcome
- Prevalence of weight status (underweight, normal weight, overweight, obesity), lipid parameters, glycemic markers, resting SBP and DBP
Methodological details7 time points over 30 years
- 7 time points over 30 years
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Obesity prevalence
P < 0.001
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
| Outcome | Values | P value |
|---|---|---|
| Total cholesterol · 1992 to 2022 | 1992 mean 184.6 (SD 27.4) mg/dL · 2022 mean 160.3 (SD 27.4) mg/dL | |
| LDL-C · 1992 to 2022 | 1992 mean 113.6 (SD 24.0) mg/dL · 2022 mean 90.1 (SD 24.0) mg/dL | |
| Non-HDL-C · 1992 to 2022 | 1992 mean 125.3 (SD 26.2) mg/dL · 2022 mean 99.8 (SD 26.1) mg/dL | |
| Serum HDL-C2022 vs 2004 · peaked 1998–2004, decreased since | 1998 mean 66.2 (SD 13.3) mg/dL · 2004 mean 66.9 (SD 13.3) mg/dL · 2022 mean 60.5 (SD 13.4) mg/dL | P < 0.001 |
| Insulin · 2004 to 20222022 vs 2004 · significant rise | 2004 mean 6.3 (SD 5.3) μIU/mL · 2022 mean 8.7 (SD 5.2) μIU/mL | P < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol · 1992 to 2022
- Statistically significant decrease from 1992 to 2022
LDL-C · 1992 to 2022
- Statistically significant decrease from 1992 to 2022
Non-HDL-C · 1992 to 2022
- Reduction from 1992 to 2022
Resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) · over the study period
- Mean (SD) SBP showed a substantial decrease over the study period
- 113.5 [9.6] to 101.0 [9.7] mm Hg; P < .001
Resting diastolic blood pressure (DBP) · over the study period
- Mean (SD) DBP showed a substantial decrease over the study period
- 70.4 [7.2] to 60.7 [7.3] mm Hg; P < .001
Original publication
Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Risk in Children. JAMA Netw Open. Published 1 October 2025. doi:10.
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