Associations of Habitual Calcium Supplementation With Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in Individuals With and Without Diabetes
Authors' conclusion
Habitual use of calcium supplements was significantly associated with higher risk of CVD events and mortality in people with diabetes but not in people without diabetes. Further studies are needed to balance potentially adverse effects of calcium supplement against likely benefits, particularly among patients with diabetes.
Study context
- Population
- UK Biobank participants with and without diabetes
- Participants
- 434,374 participants
- Exposure
- Habitual calcium supplementation vs no calcium supplementation, by diabetes status
- Outcome
- CVD events and mortality
- Follow-up
- Median 8.1 (CVD events) and 11.2 (deaths) years
Methodological detailsUK Biobank, multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression
- UK Biobank
- Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
CVD incidence, CVD mortality and all-cause mortality with habitual calcium supplementation, by diabetes status
Calcium supplementation vs No calcium supplementationHazard ratio (95% CI)
CVD incidence, with diabetes
1.34(1.14–1.57)
CVD mortality, with diabetes
1.67(1.19–2.33)
All-cause mortality, with diabetes
1.44(1.20–1.72)
CVD incidence, without diabetes
0.97(0.92–1.03)
CVD mortality, without diabetes
1.05(0.90–1.23)
All-cause mortality, without diabetes
1.02(0.96–1.09)
- Significant multiplicative and additive interactions between calcium supplementation and diabetes status on cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and mortality
- all Pinteraction < 0.05
- Events documented: incident CVD events
- 26,374
- Deaths documented
- 20,526
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
- No significant interactions between dietary or serum calcium and diabetes status
Original publication
Associations of Habitual Calcium Supplementation With Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in Individuals With and Without Diabetes. Diabetes Care. Published 28 July 2023. doi:10.
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