Association of hemoglobin glycation index with the risk of chronic lung disease in individuals with CKM stages 0–3: evidence from two large prospective cohorts in Europe and East Asia
Authors' conclusion
Higher baseline HGI was prospectively associated with increased CLD risk among adults aged ≥45 years with CKM stages 0-3, with directionally consistent findings across the UK Biobank and CHARLS.
Study context
- Population
- Adults aged ≥45 years with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome (CKM) stages 0–3, UK Biobank and CHARLS275,389 UK Biobank
- Exposure
- Higher vs lower hemoglobin glycation index
- Outcome
- Incident chronic lung disease (CLD)
- Follow-up
- 7.29 years (UK Biobank), 9.00 years (CHARLS)
Methodological detailstwo cohorts (UK Biobank and CHARLS)
- Two cohorts (UK Biobank and CHARLS)
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Incident CLD per 1-SD increase in HGI
Hazard ratio (95% CI)
Per 1-SD increase in HGI (UK Biobank)
1.044(1.031–1.057)
Per 1-SD increase in HGI (CHARLS)
1.097(1.020–1.181)
Per 1-SD increase in HGI, as printed
- Chronic lung disease (CLD) cases, UK Biobank
- 20,273
- CLD cases, CHARLS
- 603
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
| Outcome | HR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Incident CLD, highestvs lowest HGI quartile (UK Biobank) · follow-up 7.29 yearsUK Biobank | 1.118 (1.074–1.165) | |
| Incident CLD, highestvs lowest HGI quartile (CHARLS) · follow-up 9.00 yearsCHARLS | 1.414 (1.126–1.776) | |
| 0.512Hazard ratio (log scale) |
Subgroups by diabetes status
- Exploratory subgroup analyses suggested possible heterogeneity by diabetes status; interaction not robust after correction for multiple testing
Original publication
Association of hemoglobin glycation index with the risk of chronic lung disease in individuals with CKM stages 0–3: evidence from two large prospective cohorts in Europe and East Asia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. Published 25 August 2026. doi:10.
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