Adverse Cardiometabolic Impacts of Sleep Fragmentation and Estradiol Suppression: An Experimental Model of Menopause
Authors' conclusion
Independent of aging, there are significant adverse changes in cardiometabolic health induced by core components of the transition to postmenopause, including novel effects of sleep fragmentation, a modifiable target.
Study context
- Population
- Healthy premenopausal women; inpatient intensive physiological monitoring research facility
- Participants
- 38 women
- Comparison
- Estradiol suppression and sleep fragmentation vs estrogenized and unfragmented sleep conditions
- Outcome
- Leptin and satiety
Methodological detailsinpatient, experimental induced menopause model, within-participant, eucaloric
- Inpatient
- Experimental induced menopause model
- Within-participant
- Eucaloric
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Leptin
- Estradiol suppression significantly decreased leptin
- FDR-adjusted P ≤ .05
Further findings
Lipid profiles
- Estradiol suppression significantly increased lipid profiles
- FDR-adjusted P ≤ .05
Heart rate
- Sleep fragmentation significantly increased heart rate
- FDR-adjusted P = .002
Fasting glucose
- Sleep fragmentation trended to increase fasting glucose
- FDR-adjusted P = .08
Individual cardiometabolic outcomes
- Worsening from normalized baseline with estradiol suppression and sleep fragmentation, median (IQR)
- 4.0% (1.5%, 6.3%)
Composite cardiometabolic index
- Additional worsening with sleep fragmentation over estradiol suppression alone
- 103%
Original publication
Adverse Cardiometabolic Impacts of Sleep Fragmentation and Estradiol Suppression: An Experimental Model of Menopause. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Published 5 November 2025. doi:10.
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