Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Offspring's Risk for Bone Fracture in Childhood and Adolescence
Authors' conclusion
In conclusion, 5- to 15-year-olds whose mothers have smoked during pregnancy have an increased risk of bone fractures treated in specialty care.
Study context
- Population
- All children born in Finland between January 1987 and September 1990
- Participants
- 220,699 children
- Exposure
- Prenatal exposure to maternal smoking vs no exposure
- Outcome
- Bone fracture risk in childhood (all, non-high-energy and high-energy fractures)
- Follow-up
- <1 year, 1-<5 years and 5-<15 years
Methodological detailsnationwide, Cox and Poisson regression, adjusted for sex, parity, year of birth, maternal age, parental education and maternal fracture status
- Nationwide
- Cox and Poisson regression
- Adjusted for sex, parity, year of birth, maternal age, parental education and maternal fracture status
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Fracture risk, age 5-<15 years
Maternal smoking vs No maternal smokingHazard ratio (95% CI)
All fractures
1.12(1.06–1.17)
Non-high-energy fractures
1.13(1.07–1.19)
High-energy fractures
1.15(1.00–1.32)
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
At least one fracture before age 15 years (whole cohort)
- Persons with ≥1 fracture diagnosis
- 18,857 (8.5%)
Fracture risk, age <1 year and 1-<5 years
- No significant associations in other age groups in any fracture group
Recurrent fractures
- No statistically significant association between maternal smoking and recurrent fractures
Original publication
Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy and Offspring's Risk for Bone Fracture in Childhood and Adolescence. J Bone Miner Res. Published 26 October 2023. doi:10.
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