Effects of Modern Glucose Monitoring and Insulin Delivery Technologies on Patient-Reported Outcomes and Experiences in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors' conclusion
Diabetes technologies offer psychological benefits in adults with T1D. The large number of reported PROMs suggests a need to standardize their use.
Study context
- Population
- Nonpregnant adults with T1D in longitudinal diabetes technology studies assessing validated PROMs; searched 2013 to August 2025
- Participants
- 19,148 adults81 studies
- Comparison
- Diabetes technologies vs control
- Outcome
- Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), pooled as standardized mean differences (SMDs)
Methodological detailsrandom-effects meta-analysis, longitudinal studies
- Random-effects meta-analysis
- Longitudinal studies
Pooled result
As reported in the abstract
Patient-reported outcomes
Technology vs ControlEstimate (95% CI)P value
I2 = 72.3%; moderate positive effect
SMD (DTSQs and DTSQc scores) 0.429(0.206–0.653)
P < 0.001I2 = 0.0%; small to moderate reduction
SMD (DDS and PAID scores) −0.265(−0.363 to −0.166)
P < 0.001- I2 = 0.0%; lower Hypoglycemia Fear Survey (HFS) with technology; largest effect in automated insulin device users
- SMD (HFS total score) −0.177 (95% CI −0.319 to −0.036); P = 0.014
- Different PROMs used
- 70
Original publication
Effects of Modern Glucose Monitoring and Insulin Delivery Technologies on Patient-Reported Outcomes and Experiences in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. Published 30 October 2025. doi:10.
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