Cognitive reserve, genetic risk, and lifestyle in the incidence and progression of type 2 diabetes: A large community‐based longitudinal study
Authors' conclusion
High CR is linked to better outcomes in T2D. Our results indicate that the positive impact of CR extends beyond dementia, also benefiting T2D management.
Study context
- Population
- UK Biobank participants free of T2D at baselineUK Biobank
- Participants
- 284,267 participants
- Exposure
- High vs low cognitive reserve
- Outcome
- Incident T2D, complications and mortality across the T2D trajectory
- Follow-up
- Median 13.7 years
Methodological detailscommunity-based, longitudinal, multi-state models
- Community-based
- Longitudinal
- Multi-state models
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
Stages of the T2D trajectory with higher CR
Higher CRHazard ratio (95% CI)
Development of T2D
0.58(0.55–0.61)
Progression to complications
0.80(0.68–0.82)
Transition from complications to all-cause mortality
0.66(0.52–0.83)
- Developed T2D
- 10 484
- Experienced complications
- 2608
- Died
- 15 363
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
| Outcome | HR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| T2D risk by joint CR and genetic riskLow CR + high genetic riskvs High CR + low genetic risk | 5.54 (5.00–6.13) | |
| 0.10.31310Hazard ratio (log scale) |
Original publication
Cognitive reserve, genetic risk, and lifestyle in the incidence and progression of type 2 diabetes: A large community‐based longitudinal study. Diabetes Obes Metab. Published 17 July 2025. doi:10.
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