Association of Energy Intake and Dietary Glycemic Load in Different Time Periods With Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among U.S. Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors' conclusion
For adults with type 2 diabetes, late morning may be a protective eating time against CVD mortality, whereas night may be a detrimental eating time.
Study context
- Population
- U.S. adults with T2D in NHANES 2003–2014; 51.8% female, 62.3% non-Hispanic White, mean age 57.4 (SE, 0.4) years190 cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths
- Participants
- 2,911 adults
- Exposure
- Energy intake and glycemic load (GL) in different time periods of the day
- Outcome
- CVD mortality
- Follow-up
- Median 9.3 (IQR 6.8, 12.1) years
Methodological detailsNHANES 2003-2014 linked to National Death Index through 2019, Cox models adjusted for total energy intake, diet quality, sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, and medical conditions
- NHANES 2003-2014 linked to National Death Index through 2019
- Cox models adjusted for total energy intake, diet quality, sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, and medical conditions
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
median follow-up 9.3 years
Late morning energy intake, per 100-kcal increment: HR
0.90
95% CI 0.83–0.98
Late morning GL, per 10-unit increment: HR
0.86
95% CI 0.77–0.95
Night energy intake, per 100-kcal increment: HR
1.22
95% CI 1.07–1.40
Night GL, per 10-unit increment: HR
1.44
95% CI 1.17–1.77
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Original publication
Association of Energy Intake and Dietary Glycemic Load in Different Time Periods With Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among U.S. Adults With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. Published 8 October 2024. doi:10.
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