Antipsychotic Exposure and Pharmacologically Treated Type 2 Diabetes in Dutch Youths
Authors' conclusion
In this within-individual cohort study, antipsychotic initiation in youths was associated with a rapid, sustained increase in treated T2D risk independent of underlying time-invariant factors.
Study context
- Population
- Dutch youths aged 0 to 19 years initiating antipsychotics (first recorded dispensation), Dutch population-based registers 2006–2022; median age at initiation 13.6 years, 62.0% males
- Participants
- 89,991 participants
- Exposure
- Years after vs year before antipsychotic initiation
- Outcome
- Annual prevalence of pharmacologically treated T2D (≥1 dispensation of a noninsulin glucose-lowering medication within a year); Risk differences (RDs) vs year preceding antipsychotic initiation
- Follow-up
- Up to 5 years before and after initiation
Methodological detailsevent study design, within-individual, fixed-effects models
- Event study design
- Within-individual
- Fixed-effects models
Main finding
As reported in the abstract
RD in pharmacologically treated T2D prevalence vs year before initiation
RD in initiation year
2.47 per 10 000 antipsychotic users (95% CI 1.09-3.86)
RD by year 5
9.02 per 10 000 users
95% CI 5.99–12.06
Observational data: associations, not effects.
Further findings
RD by sex · year 5
- Females
- 16.48 per 10 000 users (95% CI 8.95-24.00)
- Males
- 5.50 per 10 000 antipsychotic users (95% CI 2.57-8.43)
RD by age · year 5
Per 10 000 users
- Adolescents 13 to 19 years
- 14.09 (95% CI 8.19-19.98)
- Children 7 to 12 years
- 5.47 (95% CI 2.76-8.18)
RD by use pattern · year 5
- Recurrent users, progressively increasing risk
- 10.17 per 10 000 antipsychotic users (95% CI 6.47-13.87)
- Elevated risk persisted among youths using antipsychotics in the initiation year only
Original publication
Antipsychotic Exposure and Pharmacologically Treated Type 2 Diabetes in Dutch Youths. JAMA Netw Open. Published 1 July 2026. doi:10.
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